This is a core concept in English for creating fluent, natural-sounding sentences that show agreement without being repetitive. The conjunction "and" is used with these words to add a clause that agrees with the previous one.
Let's break them down into two categories: Positive Agreement and Negative Agreement.
Positive Agreement: and so... / and ... too
When you want to agree with a positive statement, you use so or too. They mean the same thing but have different grammatical structures.
1. Using so
The structure with so is inverted, meaning the verb comes before the subject.
Structure: and so + auxiliary verb + subject
The auxiliary verb must match the tense of the verb in the first clause.
* If the first clause uses 'be' (am, is, are, was, were), use 'be'.
* If the first clause uses a modal verb (can, will, should), use that modal verb.
* If the first clause uses any other verb, use the appropriate form of 'do' (do, does, did).
Examples:
* She is a doctor, and so is her husband. (Using is)
* They went to Ankara for the holiday, and so did we. (Using did for the past tense verb 'went')
* I can speak German, and so can my sister. (Using the modal verb can)
* He has finished the report, and so have I. (Using have for the present perfect)
2. Using too
The structure with too is standard, with the subject coming before the verb. too is placed at the very end of the clause.
Structure: and + subject + auxiliary verb + too
Examples:
* She is a doctor, and her husband is too.
* They went to Ankara for the holiday, and we did too.
* I can speak German, and my sister can too.
* He has finished the report, and I have too.
Negative Agreement: and neither... / and ... either
When you want to agree with a negative statement (a statement with "not" or "n't"), you use neither or either.
1. Using neither
Like so, the structure with neither is inverted.
Crucial Rule: neither is already negative, so you must use a positive auxiliary verb.
Structure: and neither + positive auxiliary verb + subject
Examples:
* He isn't from Türkiye, and neither is she. (NOT and neither isn't she)
* I don't like horror movies, and neither does my friend. (Using does to agree with don't like)
* They couldn't find the address, and neither could we. (Using could to agree with couldn't)
* She hasn't been to İzmir, and neither have I. (Using have to agree with hasn't)
2. Using either
Like too, the structure with either is standard. It is placed at the end of the clause.
Crucial Rule: either is not negative itself, so you must use a negative auxiliary verb (e.g., isn't, don't, can't).
Structure: and + subject + negative auxiliary verb + either
Examples:
* He isn't from Türkiye, and she isn't either.
* I don't like horror movies, and my friend doesn't either.
* They couldn't find the address, and we couldn't either.
* She hasn't been to İzmir, and I haven't either.
Summary Table
| Type of Agreement | Word | Sentence Structure | Example |
| Positive | so | and so + aux. verb + subject | He likes coffee, and so do I. |
| Positive | too | and + subject + aux. verb + too | He likes coffee, and I do too. |
| Negative | neither | and neither + POSITIVE aux. verb + subject | She can't swim, and neither can he. |
| Negative | either | and + subject + NEGATIVE aux. verb
+ either | She can't swim, and he can't either. |
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